The purpose of this entry is to provide a critical examination of the role played by candidacy in democratic societies. To a large extent, the role of candidacy and, more generally, elections in democratic societies is taken for granted. When elections are discussed in any detail, the focus is on either the campaigns themselves, different types of electoral systems and their effects, or the conditions under which parties and interest groups are more likely to be able to field candidates or influence who becomes an actual candidate. The sudden emergence of new parties or candidates, or when parties or candidates who were at long odds to win certain offices suddenly win, is interesting and important, but by focusing solely on candidates, fallacies are often committed.In discussing candidacy or any other phenomenon without first asking why it is expected to exist at all, or to be important, such discussions seem flawed. Unfortunately, the answer to this fundamental ‘why’ question, the need for leaders and the role played by office holding, is largely taken for granted. But without leaders and some degree of predetermined decision-making powers, nothing gets done at any level of society, especially anything that involves more than a few small groups. Hence, leaders, at whatever level, will modify the rules through which decisions are reached so as to be able to impose their will on decisions of consequence. Positions of leadership, in and of themselves, do not create the decision. However, there would be no easy way to distinguish between ‘leaders’ and their followers without descriptive as well as normative distinctions. This is where political candidates come in, either attempting to establish themselves as leaders or as their interim agents.
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